Key impact: Physical security (+0.453), Access to justice (+0.045)
Policing interventions aim to strengthen law enforcement capacity, expand the presence of police, and improve cooperation between police and communities. Evidence indicates improvements in physical security and some increases in the use of formal justice systems, while effects on government performance, political participation, and violence outcomes remain limited and vary across contexts. Download Summary
Key impact: Physical security (+0.453), Government performance (+0.138)
Military operations involve the use of state armed forces to prevent, de-escalate, or resolve violent conflict. Evidence indicates improvements in physical security and some aspects of government performance in certain contexts, while effects on economic security, social safety nets, and overall levels of violence remain limited or mixed. Download Summary
Key impact: Access to justice (+0.351), Diplomatic relations (+0.160)
DDR and peacekeeping operations help stabilize post-conflict settings by improving access to justice and supporting peaceful dispute resolution. They can reduce violence and support political transitions, but overall effects are generally small and depend on mission design and coordination with mediation. Download Summary
Key impact: Nature and scale of violence and atrocities (+0.78)
Support to civilians and non-state armed groups includes assistance such as training, resources, or logistical support intended to influence behaviour and reduce harm to civilians. Evidence from the available study suggests that political training for members of an armed group was associated with reductions in civilian killings, though the evidence base is limited. Download Summary
Key impact: Physical security (+0.139), Food, nutrition and health (+0.186)
Diplomatic recognition can influence international legitimacy, diplomatic engagement, and relations between states. Evidence shows modest improvements in areas such as physical security, health outcomes, and trust, while effects on government performance and violence outcomes are limited and vary across contexts. Download Summary
Key impact: Physical security (+1.36), Violence and atrocities (-0.04)
Peace processes and diplomatic mediation can substantially improve physical and economic security while supporting dispute resolution and negotiations. Effects on violence are mixed, with some processes linked to temporary reductions and others associated with shifts or fragmentation in conflict dynamics. Download Summary
Key impact: Diplomatic relations (+0.437), Violence and atrocities (-0.383)
Legal accountability through international courts and treaties can strengthen diplomatic dispute resolution and deterrence. Outcomes vary widely, with some evidence of increased violence, political tensions, and risks to survivors when enforcement is weak or politicized. Download Summary
Key impact: Government performance (+0.288), Violence and atrocities (-0.13)
Sanctions aim to pressure governments or armed actors by restricting economic, diplomatic, or military resources. Evidence links them to increased violence and worsening rights, social cohesion, and economic wellbeing, with outcomes varying by sanction type and political context. Download Summary
Key impact: Diplomacy (+0.347), Conflict risk (-0.018)
Aid can support diplomacy and government legitimacy but may worsen conflict in unstable settings. Conditional aid can pressure governments to comply with reforms, though its effect weakens over time. Download Summary
Key impact: Food, nutrition and health security (+0.535), Norms about violence and atrocities (+0.442)
Intergroup contact and peace education interventions bring members of socially divided groups together through dialogue, civic education, and training in non-violent conflict resolution. Evidence suggests improvements in social norms related to violence and several social cohesion outcomes, although effects vary across contexts and some outcomes show mixed or negative effects. Download Summary
Key impact: Access to justice and public services (+0.148), Willingness to participate or help (+0.108)
Media and communication interventions use tools such as radio programming, storytelling, and public messaging to influence information flows, civic awareness, and dialogue in conflict-affected settings. Evidence indicates modest improvements in areas such as access to justice and willingness to participate in community processes, while effects on violence outcomes, governance indicators, and economic security remain limited and vary across contexts. Download Summary
Key impact: Willingness to participate (+0.247), Violence and atrocities (+0.02)
Research and monitoring activities can increase political participation and support negotiation or peace implementation by improving information and oversight. Evidence shows little overall change in violence outcomes, and impacts depend on whether monitoring is linked to actors able to respond. Download Summary
Key impact: Access to justice (+0.479), Physical security (+0.288)
Dispute resolution initiatives can improve access to justice, physical security, and trust through mediation and community dialogue. However, they show little effect on reducing violence and may sometimes negatively affect violence-related norms. Download Summary
Key impact: Social safety nets (mixed −0.17 to +0.88), Trust and acceptance of diversity (+0.056)
Social inclusion and reintegration programmes aim to support participation, dialogue, and community reintegration after conflict. Evidence shows little or no consistent impact across most governance, economic, and violence-related outcomes, with effects generally small and highly context-specific. Download Summary
Key impact: Government performance (+0.22), Civic participation (-0.281)
Civil society initiatives can improve government performance, social cohesion, and economic or physical security. However, effects are uneven and in some cases reduce civic participation or increase tensions, depending on context and implementation. Download Summary
Key impact: Access to justice and public services (+0.28), Civic participation (+0.171)
Community-driven development and reconstruction programmes can improve access to services and increase local participation in governance. Effects on violence, diplomatic relations, and long-term governance outcomes are minimal and vary across contexts. Download Summary
Key impact: Political rights and civil liberties (+0.351), Government performance (-0.095)
Support for constitutional design, political transitions, and elections can strengthen political rights, participation, and security. Effects vary across contexts, with some interventions linked to small declines in government performance and slight increases in violence. Download Summary
Key impact: Sense of belonging (+0.90), Civic participation (-0.66)
Transitional justice and justice system reforms can strengthen political security, government performance, and community belonging by addressing past abuses and improving legal institutions. Several outcomes show little change, and some interventions are linked to declines in trust, civic participation, and norms opposing violence. Download Summary
Key impact: Government performance (+0.09), Violence (mixed effects)
Power-sharing arrangements can modestly improve government performance by ensuring representation of major groups in decision-making. Evidence shows inconsistent effects on violence, with some cases linked to increased political unrest or ethnic tensions depending on institutional design. Download Summary
Key impact: Economic security (+0.17), Willingness to participate (-0.13)
Public sector governance and service provision programmes can modestly improve economic security, government performance, and norms opposing violence. Most effects are small and context-specific, with some interventions linked to reduced willingness to participate in community activities. Download Summary
Key impact: Violence reduction (+0.05), Peaceful dispute resolution (+0.02)
Security sector reforms that strengthen police, military, and justice institutions can slightly reduce violence and support dispute resolution. Effects on perceived security and broader stability are minimal and depend on local capacity and implementation. Download Summary
Key impact: Social cohesion (+0.26), Economic security (+0.188)
Training and job creation programs can improve employment, income stability, social cohesion, and trust across groups. Effects on violence are minimal, and some programs show trade-offs such as reduced educational participation or political engagement. Download Summary
Key impact: Social safety nets (+0.53), Political security (-0.13)
Financial products and transfers can strengthen safety nets, livelihoods, and some human security outcomes. Effects on violence are generally minimal, and some programmes show small negative impacts on governance and political outcomes depending on design and context. Download Summary
Key impact: Social cohesion (+0.58), Trauma-related health outcomes (+0.26)
MHPSS interventions can substantially improve trauma-related mental health and may strengthen social cohesion in some settings. Effects on violence, economic reintegration, and broader social norms are minimal and vary by context and programme design. Download Summary
Key impact: Diplomatic relations (+0.37), Violence and atrocities (+0.02)
Market and macroeconomic reforms can support diplomatic engagement and peace processes by improving economic cooperation and incentives for stability. Effects on violence, economic growth, and social cohesion are generally small and vary widely across contexts. Download Summary
Key impact: Environmental security (+0.91), Violence and atrocities (0.00)
Land reform and natural resource management can strengthen environmental security, livelihoods, and social cohesion. Effects on violence and diplomatic relations are minimal, and governance risks can arise when information and decision-making are concentrated among local elites. Download Summary
Key impact: Diplomatic relations (+0.15), Violence and atrocities (0.00)
Infrastructure investments can support diplomatic cooperation through cross-border connectivity and trade. Evidence shows little overall impact on reducing violence, with some projects linked to increased conflict depending on context and implementation. Download Summary
